Dagli scavi a Melka Kuture, la scoperta di un percorso evolutivo discontinuo dal genere Homo all’Homo sapiens
Tracciare il percorso dell’evoluzione umana è possibile, specialmente in Africa orientale dove si trovano i siti archeologici che meglio raccontano il percorso dei nostri antenati. L’associazione diretta tra una determinata specie umana e una specifica tecnica di produzione degli utensili in pietra (industria litica) ha, fino a oggi, consentito di raccontare questo percorso come un fenomeno unitario. Nell’articolo pubblicato sul Journal of Anthropological Sciences, Margherita Mussi del Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità della Sapienza e direttrice delle ricerche archeologiche a Melka Kunture (Etiopia), uno dei Grandi Scavi della Sapienza, propone, insieme a Rosalia Gallotti, una nuova interpretazione dello sviluppo dell’Acheuleano, cultura del Paleolitico inferiore. Questa cultura rappresenta una fase molto lunga (da 1, 8 milioni a 100.000 anni fa) e importante dell’evoluzione umana ed è caratterizzata da una innovazione tecnica nella scheggiatura dei manufatti – che comprendono i caratteristici “bifacciali” a forma di mandorla –, evidenziando un vero e proprio salto di qualità rispetto ai periodi precedenti. Le industrie acheuleane più antiche sono state rinvenute appunto in Africa.
This ingenious approach not only binds CO2, but also improves the soil
Biochar can help us address many environmental challenges. This form of CO2 capture and storage reduces the need for fertilisers and may lead to better crop yields. It can also remove heavy metals from the soil. Photo: Lisbet Jære.
If 4,000 Norwegian farms and nurseries produced biochar and mixed it with the soil, we could halve CO2 emissions from the agricultural sector. This entirely natural approach also produces more robust and healthy plants. There is a new addition among the greenhouses at the Skjærgaarden nursery – Norway’s first biochar plant. Biochar is identical to charcoal (or barbecue coal), but can be manufactured not only from wood, but also from other kinds of organic material. The nursery is hosting the first biochar demo plant in Norway, which has been installed in collaboration with the cross-disciplinary research project CAPTURE+. “Our motivation for starting biochar production is to improve the soil”, says Kristin Stenersen, who runs the Skjærgaarden nursery together with her husband Bjørge Madsen. “We want more robust and healthier plants, and to reduce our use of synthetic pesticides and artificial fertilisers. Of course, the fact that biochar also binds CO2 is an added benefit”, she says. “People are welcome to come and see for themselves how it works in practice”, says Maria Kollberg Thomassen, who is a Senior Researcher at SINTEF and Project Manager for CAPTURE+.
Sleep Duration May Affect the Integrity of Sperm DNA
A new study found a link between sleep duration and a measure of chromosomal health in sperm. The findings are published in the Journal of Sleep Research. In the study of 2020 semen samples provided by 796 male volunteers from colleges in Chongqing (China) from 2013 to 2015, volunteers with more than 9 hours per day of sleep and those with 6.5 hours or less per day sleep had 41% and 30% lower High DNA Stainability—an index that represents the proportion of sperm with abnormal chromatin—than did volunteers with 7 to 7.5 hours per day of sleep. Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes. “This is new information after our pervious finding that sleep duration has an inverse U-shaped association with semen volume and total sperm count. In the previous study, we found that these two semen parameters were highest when sleep is 7.0 to 7.5 hours per day, and either longer or shorter sleep was associated with the decrease of the two semen parameters.”, said Dr. Jia Cao, co-author of the study.
World’s Largest University Subject Rankings: 2017 Edition
The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), publisher of the largest academic ranking of global universities, released today its inaugural subjects ranking. The ranking features the top global universities in 227 subjects covering all academic disciplines in the sciences and social sciences.
Harvard University leads the way globally, achieving Top-10 placements in 112 subjects, including 72 top places.
Institutions with the most Top-10 placements worldwide are:
1. Harvard University, USA (112 Top-10 subjects)
2. University of Toronto, Canada (66 Top-10 subjects)
3. University of Michigan, USA (57 Top-10 subjects)
4. University of Pennsylvania, USA (54 Top-10 subjects)
5. Johns Hopkins University, USA (51 Top-10 subjects)
6. University of California, Berkeley, USA (50 Top-10 subjects)
7. Stanford University, USA (48 Top-10 subjects)
8. University of Oxford, United Kingdom (47 Top-10 subjects)
9. University of Washington, USA (45 Top-10 subjects)
10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA (41 Top-10 subjects)
Mapping migrant communities across Europe to support local integration
The JRC’s new dataset shows maps of migrant communities across Europe.
This week scientists unveiled a unique dataset that maps the diverse migrant communities living in the EU. The maps will provide policy makers with new insights and a better overall picture to develop local policies to help migrants integrate in their host countries. The maps show residential patterns of migrant communities by their nationality or the country where they were born, at the level of neighbourhoods. From the underlying data researchers can calculate the concentration, diversity and segregation of migrants from different countries and compare these indicators within and across cities. For example, JRC scientists found that Chinese and Filipino communities in Europe are likely to be highly clustered and segregated from their host communities. Scientists also found that there is a general correlation between how segregated a migrant community may be and the geographical and linguistic distance between their countries of origin and destination.
