Aspetti epidemiologici dell’infezione da Hpv

Figura 1: Prevalenza delle infezioni da Hpv per classe d’età nella popolazione generale in Italia

L’infezione da Hpv è estremamente frequente nella popolazione: si stima, infatti, che fino all’80% delle donne sessualmente attive si infetti nel corso della propria vita con un virus Hpv di qualunque tipo, e che oltre il 50% si infetti con un tipo ad alto rischio oncogeno. Una revisione sistematica di studi condotti in Italia [1] ha rilevato una prevalenza di Hpv oncogeni nella popolazione generale pari all’8%, senza differenze sostanziali fra Sud, Centro e Nord. È opportuno sottolineare che il calcolo di questa prevalenza ha considerato solo gli studi con campione casuale della popolazione; infatti gli studi che reclutano donne che si presentano spontaneamente a un ambulatorio ginecologico riportano una stima di prevalenza generalmente più alta degli studi che reclutano le donne in base a un invito attivo della popolazione generale. Questo probabilmente, è dovuto al fatto che le donne che accedono spontaneamente agli ambulatori ginecologici hanno, in proporzione variabile, pregressi Pap test positivi.

Pubblicato in Medicina

Teseo, il golden retriever addestrato sotto la guida di Paolo Audisio del Dipartimento di Biologia e biotecnologie C. Darwin della Sapienza, si è rivelato uno strumento funzionale per scovare le larve di Osmoderma eremita, una specie classificata, all’interno del progetto europeo Mipp (Monitoraggio di insetti con la partecipazione pubblica), come "prossima alla minaccia" e ormai rara in gran parte dei paesi europei. L'obiettivo principale del progetto – iniziato alla fine del 2012 e terminato il 30 settembre 2017 – è stato quello di sviluppare metodi standard e non invasivi per il monitoraggio di alcune specie di coleotteri saproxilici, fra i quali appunto Osmoderma eremita. Tra i beneficiari associati del progetto, la Sapienza ha seguito l’addestramento di Osmodog, un cane da ricerca per la conservazione, che individua le larve di Osmoderma eremita nel loro habitat, cioè all’interno di cavità di vecchi e grandi alberi (querce, castagni, salici, faggi, pioppi ecc.), una nicchia ecologica molto ristretta e in costante riduzione.

Pubblicato in Scienza generale

Mercoledì, 11 Ottobre 2017 12:48

Will we be able to use zinc oxide nanoparticles as fertilizers?

Researchers from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and National Institute for Agricultural Research and Experimentation (INIA) have studied the effects of using zinc oxide nanoparticles on agriculture. A research carried out at School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB) from UPM in collaboration with researchers from Ecotoxicology group of INIA, has studied how zinc oxide nanoparticles affect tomato and bean plants. The effects found depended on the type of crop, exposure time, and especially soil pH. The results, which have been published in Science of the Total Environment journal, suggest that the use of these nanoparticles does not pose a toxicity risk for these crops and this would allow us to use their good fertilizing properties as a source of zinc micronutrient. The deliberate application of nanoparticles in agriculture, although incipient, is promising. Due to their small size, the nanoparticles have different properties from the same material in their regular size. Essentially, they have a high specific area and a high surface energy that produce changes in its physicochemical, optical and electrical properties, as well as a high reactivity.

Pubblicato in Scienceonline

Mercoledì, 11 Ottobre 2017 09:10

The fight against antimicrobial resistance: the One Health approach is vital

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains risks severely limiting yields in animal production chains in the coming decades, exacerbating the existing poverty in numerous countries. Experts from CIRAD and their partners analysed the policies implemented in Southeast Asia and identified a series of actions required to fight effectively against antimicrobial resistance, in line with the One Health approach. Their conclusions have been published in the prestigious journal BMJ.

Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to health and to the economy

Antibiotics are regularly used in livestock or fish production, to fight disease, boost productivity or prevent contamination of the food chain. This almost blanket use has led to the development, in both humans and animals, of resistant microbial strains against which conventional antibiotics no longer have any effect. In September 2016, the United Nations recognized that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance on a global scale was a threat to health and human development. In particular, recent projections estimated that by 2050 global livestock production would fall by 3% to 8% each year, resulting in substantial economic losses, particularly in the world's poorest countries.

Pubblicato in Scienceonline

Mercoledì, 11 Ottobre 2017 09:05

Study finds that skipping breakfast does not lead to overeating later in the day

Girls who skipped breakfast as part of a study into energy intake and physical activity were found to consume 350 fewer calories *(kcals) a day. Most adults need around 2,000 kcal a day Researchers looked at the eating and physical activity habits of 40 teenage girls over three days and how the omission of breakfast affected their daily energy intake. They found that the girls ate, on average, an extra 115 calories, when they missed breakfast compared with days when they ate a **standard breakfast provided by the researchers. However, they also calculated that the breakfast provided to the girls contained 468 calories, so the net intake for total calories consumed in one day was -353 calories when they skipped breakfast. Dr Keith Tolfrey, of Loughborough University, who co-authored the paper, Effect of breakfast omission and consumption on energy intake and physical activity in adolescent girls, said that people who eat breakfast are less likely to be overweight or obese, but our research showed that eating breakfast increased total energy intake in girls over the short term.

Pubblicato in Scienceonline

Martedì, 10 Ottobre 2017 08:35

EU leads the way with ambitious action for cleaner and safer seas

At the ongoing EU-hosted Our Ocean conference in Malta (5-6 October), the European Union has committed to 36 tangible actions to foster healthier, cleaner, safer and more secure seas. Amounting to over €550 million and involving activities worldwide, the announcements underline the EU's determination to improve the situation of the seas and send a positive signal of encouragement to the rest of the world – governments and private sector alike - to step up and tackle the growing ocean challenges, from plastic pollution and protecting marine life to the impact of climate change and criminal activities at sea.

The EU's 36 commitments are described in detail below.

Maritime security is the basis for global trade and prosperity, but it is under threat - from natural disasters to piracy, trafficking and armed conflict. To make our oceans safer and more secure the European Union announced:

€37.5 million to ensure maritime security and counter piracy along the south-eastern African coastline and in the Indian Ocean. The funds are to be implemented by four regional organisations (IGAD, COMESA, EAC and IOC) in cooperation with UNODC, INTERPOL and FAO. The programme supports alternative livelihood initiatives in the coastal pirate areas of Somalia, investigation capacities at national and regional level, prison reforms, prosecution and judicial capacity, disruption of illegal financial flows, combating money laundering, and various other maritime tasks, in addition to a regional mechanism for the coordination and exchange of maritime information.
€4 million of investment in its satellite monitoring programme (Copernicus) in 2017 to support EU agencies and EU Member States in monitoring oil pollution and large-scale commercial fisheries (including the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing) in the Northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Baltic, the North Sea, the Black Sea, the Pacific Ocean and around the Canary Islands. Copernicus will also introduce new services to support law enforcement and navigation safety in ice-infested areas.
continued support for maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, including through the Gulf of Guinea Inter-Regional Network and the launch of two new programmes: the SWAIMS programme (Support to West Africa Integrated Maritime Security), worth €29 million, and the programme to improving port security in West and Central Africa, worth €8.5 million.
€1 million in 2017 to support the upgrading of the ICT systems of EU maritime authorities and facilitate cooperation between them. Furthermore, the European Union announced that it will contribute €80,000 to facilitate cooperation between coastguard authorities in Europe.
the launch of a prototype surveillance tool in September 2017 which detects ships to reveal the extent of human activities at sea. The 'Search for Unidentified Maritime Objects' tool, or 'SUMO' for short, is a piece of software that automatically analyses data from radar imaging satellites to find vessels as small as 1 metre long, even in cloudy conditions or at night. The SUMO tool is open source, to promote uptake by users and developers and facilitate international cooperation on mapping of ship routes, monitoring shipping intensity, identifying polluting ships, monitoring fishing activities, countering piracy and smuggling, and controlling maritime borders.